![]() ![]() In recent years, pathological gambling has also been reported as a direct complication of Parkinson’s disease and its pharmacological treatment based on dopamine agonists (Seedat et al. Several risk factors have been identified in inducing gambling disorders, including biological ones, such as changes in dopamine and serotonin neurotransmission, genetic, psychological and social factors (Fong 2005 Comings et al. Patients affected by gambling disorder present at least four of the following attitudes or feelings: they need to gamble with increasing amounts of money they present restlessness or irritability when stop or reduce gambling they have made several failed efforts to control or stop gambling they are worried about gambling they gamble during anxious or depressed situations they gamble despite loss of money they lie about the extent of involvement with gambling they usually lost any relationship, job, or career opportunity due to gambling they rely on others to provide money (DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria: Gambling Disorder. ![]() Available at: ).Īccording to the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5), gambling disorder is defined as a persistent and recurrent behavior leading to clinically significant impairment or distress. In 2016 the gaming sector has brought almost 10 billion euros, equal to 0.6% of the Italian gross domestic product (Fisco, entrate record dal gioco d’azzardo: in Europa nessuno come noi. Among European countries, Italy holds the absolute record for gambling related receipt. Since our results could not clarify the correlation between Parkinson’s disease, its pharmacological treatment and pathological gambling, in order to better define this correlation there is a need to conduct further ad hoc observational studies.ĭuring the last few years, the availability of legal gambling has abruptly increased leading to a huge intensification in pathological gambling (Potenza et al. Although it is widely recognized that dopamine agonists may induce behavioral disorders, Parkinson’s disease is itself associated to pathological gambling, compulsive shopping and eating. Of these cases, two related to pramipexole and one to aripiprazole were sent to Campania Pharmacovigilance Regional Centre. ![]() 94 suspected cases of gambling disorder associated to apomorphine, aripiprazole, cabergoline, levodopa, levodopa and derivatives in association with entacapone/benserazide and carbidopa, pergolide, pramipexole, ropinirole, and rotigotine were reported into the RNF. We analyzed gambling disorder’s reports across the 2002–2018 period in the Italian spontaneous reporting database (Rete Nazionale di Farmacovigilanza-RNF), with a focus on Campania region. We aim to analyze the spontaneous reports of gambling disorder on the whole Italian territory with a focus on Campania Region (Southern Italy) from January 1st 2002 to July 31st 2018. Moreover, further medications (not dopamine agonists) were associated to the occurrence of gambling disorder. Pathological gambling has been reported as a direct complication of Parkinson’s disease and its pharmacological treatment based on dopamine agonists. ![]()
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